• Creative Economy and Creative Cities
• Urban Development: Production of Urban Spaces, Political economy of urban space, Subaltern Urbanization
• Urbanization and Economic Growth
• Minorities and Development
• Special interest in methodologies: Spatial econometrics, GIS

Books

1. Sudhir, G, MA Bari, AU Khan and A Shaban. 2021. Muslims in Telangana: A Discourse on Equity, Development, and Security. Singapore: Springer.
2. Datta, A and A Shaban (eds). 2017. Mega-urbanization in the Global South: Fast cities and new urban utopias of the postcolonial state. London: Routledge. 
3. Shaban, A and S Khan (eds). 2013. Muslims in Urban India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. 
4. Shaban, A (ed). 2012/2018. Lives of Muslims in India: Politics, Exclusion and Violence. London: Routledge. 
5. Shaban, A (2010). Mumbai: Political Economy of Crime and Space. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.

Forthcoming Books

1. Shaban, A, Filip Vermeylen, Christian Handke, eds. Creative Industries in India. London: Routledge (Forthcoming).
2. Shaban, A and S Sattar. The Subaltern City: Life on the Margin in Malegaon, India. (Forthcoming).

Select Journal Publications

1. Shaban A., Kourtit, K, Nijkamp, P. (2022). Causality Between Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Indian States. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 4: DOI=10.3389/frsc.2022.901346
2. Shaban, A. (2022). Spatial development and inequalities in the Global South. Reg Sci Policy Pract. 14:211–214. DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12531
3. Shaban, A. (2022). Cultural diversity, human capital, and regional economic growth in India. Reg Sci Policy Pract. 1–19. DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12528
4. Karl-Heinz Gaudry, Daniel Marcelo Charro, Abdul Shaban. (2020). Data on Energy Consumption on Ore-Processing Plants in Zaruma-Portovelo, Ecuador, Data in Brief, 31(2020):1-4; 106019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106019
5. Karl-Heinz Gaudry, Daniel Marcelo Charro, Geovanna Villacreses, Washington Castillo, Abdul Shaban. (2020). Estimating scales of gold ore production and processing in zaruma and la merced de buenos aires, ecuador: Electrical power consumption as an indirect metric, The Extractive Industries and Society, ISSN 2214-790X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.06.011.
6. Shaban, A., Karima Kourtit, and Peter Nijkamp. 2020. India’s Urban System: Sustainability and Imbalanced Growth of Cities. Sustainability, 12 (2941):1-20. doi:10.3390/su12072941
7. Shaban, A. and Ayona Datta. 2019. Towards ‘Slow’ and ‘Moderated’ Urbanism. Economic and Political Weekly, 54(48):36-42.
8. Shaban, A. 2017. Geographical Epistemology and Question of Space. Economic and Political Weekly, 52(48): 85-89.
9. Sanga, P. and Abdul Shaban. 2017. Regional Divergence and Inequalities in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 52(1): 102-10.
10. Shaban, A. 2016. Muslim Girls in Urdu Medium Schools of Maharashtra: Progress, Retention and Aspirations, Economic and Political Weekly, 51(25): 65-70.
11. Shaban, A.  and S. Sattar. 2016. Critical Reflection on Urbanization in India, Shelter, 17(1): 31-39.
12. Shaban, A. 2015. Urdu and Urdu Medium Schools in Maharashtra. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(29):46-51.
13. Shaban, A. and Filip Vermeylen. 2015. Trade in the Creative Sector: Comparing India with China, Brazil and UK. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(20):68-75.
14. Shaban, A. 2014. Minorities at the Margins. Agenda, 28: 32-37.
15. Shaban, A. and S. Sattar. 2014. Rainfall Cycles, Livelihood and Migration in India. International Journal for Sustainable Innovations, 3(1):93-104.
16. Shaban, A. 2014. Housing Market and the Poor in Mumbai, Shelter, 15(1): 75-81.
17. Shaban, A. and S. Sattar. 2011. Water Security and Sustainability in Urban India. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 11(3/4):231-254.
18. Shaban, A. 2008. Ghettoisation, Crime and Punishment in Mumbai. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(33): 68-73.
19. Shaban, A. and R N Sharma. 2007. Water Consumption and Wastage Patterns in Domestic Households in Major Cities in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(23):2190-2197.
20. Sharma, R. N.  and A. Shaban. 2006. Metropolitanisation of Indian Economy: Lessons in Urban Development. The ICFAI Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 1(2): 17-35.
21. Shaban, A. 2006. Regional Structure, Growth and Convergence of Income in Maharashtra. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(18):1803-1815.
22. Shaban, A. 2003. Environmental Kuznets Curve: Theory and Empirical Evidence. IASSI Quarterly, 22(2):46-61.
23. Shaban, A. and L.M. Bhole. 2002. Determinants of Bank Deposits in India: A State-wise Analysis. Indian Journal of Regional Science, 36(1):37-52.
24. Shaban, A. 2002. Growth and Disparities of Income across India States. Man & Development, 24(3):31-48.
25. Shaban, A. and S. Sattar. 2002. Co-integration and Causality between Population and Income in India. Geographical Review of India, 64(1):51-60.
26. Shaban, A. and L.M. Bhole. 2001. State-wise Differences in Determinants of Bank Credit in India, IASSI-Quarterly, 20(2):44-64.
27. Shaban, A. and L.M. Bhole. 2000. Regional Disparities in Rural Development in India. Journal of Rural Development and Administration, 32(2):18-31.
28. Shaban, A. and L.M. Bhole. 2000. Development of Commercial Banking in Maharashtra: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis. Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol.XXXII, No. 1, 2000, pp.103-117.
29. Sattar, S. and A. Shaban. 2000. Development of Tourism Industry in Sikkim: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis. Geographical Review of India, December, pp.317-334.
30. Shaban, A. 2000. Regional Aspects of Gender Specific Crimes in India. IASSI-Quarterly, July-September, pp.56-69
31. Shaban, A. 2000. Spatio-Temporal Study of Power Supply in Punjab and Haryana (1968- 1990): A Critique. Geographical Review of India, 62(2).
32. Shaban, A. 1999. Crime in Indian Cities. Geographical Review of India, 61(4): 336-351
33. Shaban, A.  and L.M. Bhole. 1999. Measuring Development Distances Between Regions in India: A Combined Component Approach. Man & Development, 21(1): 82-96.
34. Shaban, A. and L.M. Bhole. 1997. Pattern and Determinants of Land Utilisation in Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Regional Science, 29 (2): 75-87.
35. Shaban, A. 1997. Spatial Variations in Crimes in Maharashtra. Geographical Review of India, 59(3):204-215.
36. Shaban, A. and L.M. Bhole. 1997. Development and Disparities in Maharashtra: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Indian Journal of Regional Science, 31(1):56-69.

• Select Chapters in Books/Encyclopaedia

1. Banerjee, S and Shaban. A. 2021. Unpacking Epistemic Diversities in Grassroots Social Innovation and Enterprises in India: A critical agenda for Re-centering People”, In Jürgen Howaldt, Christoph Kaletka, Antonius Schröder (eds), A Research Agenda for Social Innovation, pp. 133–148. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789909357.00016
2. Shaban, A. and Sanjukta Sattar. 2021. Muslim Middle Class in India: Size, Diversity and Correlates. In Jha, Manish Kumar and Pushpendra (eds), Beyond Consumption: India’s New Middle Class in the Neo-liberal Times, pp.35-57. New York: Routledge
3. Shaban, A. and Sanjukta Sattar. 2021. “Industrial and Commercial Geography of India: A Study of Changes in the Post-Reform Period”, in Mahabir S Jaglan and Rajeshwari Rajeshwari (eds), Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, pp.189-217. Singapore: Springer Nature.

4. Shaban, A. 2021. Growth and Determinants of the Middle Class in Rural and Urban India in the Post-Liberalisation Period. In Amitrajeet A. Batabyal, Yoshiro Higano, Peter Nijkamp (eds), Rural-Urban Dichotomies and Spatial Development in Asia. Singapore: Springer.

5. Sudhir, G., Bari, M.A., Khan, A.U. and Shaban A. 2021. Employment of Muslims in Public and Private Sectors. In Sudhir, G., M.A. Bari, A.U. Khan and A. Shaban (eds.), Muslims in Telangana A Discourse on Equity, Development, and Security, pp.1-24. Singapore: Springer.

6. Sudhir, G., Bari, M.A., Khan, A.U. and Shaban A. 2021. Introduction. In Sudhir, G., M.A. Bari, A.U. Khan and A. Shaban (eds.), Muslims in Telangana A Discourse on Equity, Development, and Security, pp.243-272. Singapore: Springer.
7. Shaban, A. and Zinat Aboli. 2021. Socio-Spatial Segregation and Exclusion in Mumbai. In van Ham, M., T. Tammaru, R. Ubarevičienė, and H. Janssen (eds.), Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective, pp.153-170. Singapore: Springer.
8. Shaban, A. and Prashant B Narnaware. 2019. Innovations in Multistakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Fostering State-University-Community Nexus. In Swati Banerjee, Stephen Carney and Lars Hulgard (eds), People-Centred Social Innovation: Global Perspectives on the Emerging Paradigm, pp.179-194. London: Routledge.
9. Swati, Banerjee, and Abdul, Shaban. 2019. Reimagining the Social Enterprise through grassroots social innovations in India. In Philippe Eynaud, Jean-Louis Laville, Luciana Lucas dos Santos, Swati Banerjee, Lars Hulgard and Flor Dinis de Araujo Avelino (eds), Theory of Social Enterprise and Pluralism. New York: Routledge.
10. Shaban, A. 2019. Cities, Space and Development in India. In BK Chaudhary, AK Singh and D Das (eds), City, Space and Politics in the Global South, pp.23-40. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors.
11. Shaban, A. 2019. Mumbai. In A. M. Orum (ed), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Urban and Regional Studies, doi:10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0207.
12. Migozzi, Julien, Abdul Shaban and Rafael Soares Gonçalves. 2018. Urban National Parks and the Making of the Housing Market in Emerging Cities: Places of Exclusiveness, Land of Opportunities. In Frédéric Landy (ed), From Urban National Parks to Natured Cities in the Global South: The Quest for Naturbanity, pp.131-155. Singapore: Springer.
13. Shaban, A 2018. Identity, Politics and Violence: Shiv Sena in Retrospect. In Shekher, M, Parasuraman S, Kattumuri R, (eds), Governance and Governed, pp.229-246. Springer, Singapore.
14. Gaudy, Karl Heinz and A. Shaban. 2017. Regional Organizations. In Paul Joseph (ed), The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. New York: Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781483359878.n551.
15. Shaban, A 2017. Underworld and the Police in Mumbai. In Jayaram, N (eds), Social Dynamics of the Urban: Exploring Urban Change in South Asia, p.115-134.. New Delhi, Springer.
16. Shaban, A and Ayona Datta. 2016. Slow: Towards a Decelerated Urbanism. In Ayona Datta and Abdul Shaban (eds), Mega-Urbanization in the Global South: Fast Cities and New Urban Utopias of the Postcolonial State, pp.205-220. New York/London: Routledge.
17. Shaban, A. 2016. Development Strategies in India. In H. Ramachandran and R N Vyas (eds), Economic Geography: Urbanisation, Industry and Development, pp. 120-158. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
18. Shaban, A. 2016. Muslim Citizenship, Identity and Violence in India. In Kalpana Kannabiran (ed), Violence Studies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
19. Shaban, A. 2016. Identity, Citizenship and Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India. In Hugo Goringe, Roger Jeffery and Suryakant Waghmore (eds), From the Margins to the Mainstream: Institutionalising Minorities in South Asia, pp.1-30. New Delhi/London: Sage Publications.
20. Shaban, A. 2015. Les Migrations Internes en Inde. In Philippe Cadene and B. Dumortier (eds), L'Inde: Une Geographie, pp 185-194. Paris: Armand Colin.
21. Shaban, A. 2014. Role of NGO in Water Conservation and Village Development. In H.N. Mishra (ed), Managing Natural Resources: Focus on Land and Water, pp. 317-325. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall India Ltd.
22. Shaban, A. 2013. The City of Terrors: Deprivation, Segregation and Communal Conflicts in Malegaon. In R.N. Sharma and R S Sandhu (eds), Small Cities and Towns in Global Era: Emerging Changes and Perspectives. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
23. Shaban, A. and S. Sattar. 2013. Industrial Dispersal and Clustering in India during the Post-reform period and the Role of Small & Medium Towns. In R.N. Sharma and R S Sandhu (eds), Small Cities and Towns in Global Era: Emerging Changes and Perspectives. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
24. Shaban, A. 2013. Neoliberalism, Crime and Cities: Muslims, Marginalised, and Socio-spatial Praxis in Contemporary Times. In Abdul Shaban and Saqib khan (eds), Muslims in Urban India: Development and Exclusion, pp. 18-40. New Delhi: Concept Publishing.
25. Shaban, A. 2013. Poverty, Unemployment and Housing Distress among Muslims in Mumbai. In Abdul Shaban and Saqib khan (eds), Muslims in Urban India: Development and Exclusion, pp. 123-151. New Delhi: Concept Publishing.
26. Shaban, A. 2012. Food Security in India: An Examination of Availability and Safety Dimensions. In C. Sengupta, et al. (eds), Human Security in South Asian Region. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
27. Shaban, A. 2012. Ethnic Politics, Muslims and Space in Contemporary Mumbai. In A. Shaban (ed), Lives of Muslims in India: Politics, Exclusion and Violence, pp. 208-25. New Delhi/London: Routledge.
28. Shaban, A. 2010. Institutional Credit and Economic Entitlement: Emerging Regional and Sectoral Divides in Maharashtra. In C. Sen and S. Corbridge (eds), Democracy, Development and Decentralisation in India: Continuing Debates, pp.111-146. New Delhi/London: Routledge.
29. Sriram, Sujata and A. Shaban. 2009. Human-Technology Interface in the Banking Sector: A Study of Micro-Deposit Machines in Mumbai. In Rajat Gera (ed), Advances in Technology and Innovations in Marketing, pp.474-482. New Delhi: Macmillan.
30. Shaban, A. 2008. Urban Environmental Management in India: Issues and Challenges. In A. L. Singh and S. Fazal (eds), Urban Environmental Management, pp.107-134. Delhi:  B.R. Publishing Corporation.
31. Shaban, A. 2007. Rural-Urban Urban Divide in Development in Maharashtra. In R. Sthanumoorthy (ed), Maharashtra Economy: Performance, Opportunities and Challenge. pp. 297-316. Hyderabad, India: The Icfai University Press.
32. Bhole, L.M. and Abdul Shaban. 2003. Commercial Banking: A Profile of Spatial Development, in B. Mungekar (ed.) The Economy of Maharashtra: Changing Structure and Emerging Issues, pp.270-288. Mumbai: Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Social & Economic Change.

•  Book reviews

• ---

1. Shaban, A. 2019. ‘New Light on the Deprivation of Muslims in India’, review of the book ‘Denial and Deprivation: Indian Muslims after Sachar Committee and Ranganath Misra Commission Reports, (New Delhi: Manohar, 2018) by Abdur Rahman. Economic and Political Weekly, 54(30): 25-27.
2. Shaban, A. 2007. ‘Colonial and Post-Colonial Geographies of India’, edited by Saraswati Raju, M.S. Kumar, and Stuart Corbridge), Sociological Bulletin, 56(1): 163-165
3. Shaban, A. 2004. ‘The  Birth of a New City’, review of the book ‘Making of Navi Mumbai” (Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2003), by A. Shaw, Economic and Political Weekly, 39(48):5093-5096.

• Selected OPED/Blogs/Other writings

1. Shaban, A. 2020. ‘Bihar grew faster than UP over past three decades. 21 July. The Dialogue. https://thedialogue.co.in/article/YYFES1DW87lao7f4t5Tf
2. Shaban, A. 2020. ‘Tablighi Jamaat, Personal Law Board and Babri Committee facilitated the spectacular rise of Islamophobia’. 6 June. The Dialogue. https://thedialogue.co.in/article/lZEYkPWyHifVmOLYUvwA.
3. Shaban, A. 2016. ‘No country for Islamophobia: Unlike in the West, India’s syncretic culture has kept the fear of Islam at bay. 15 March. Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/no-country-for-islamophobia/

Selected International Research Grants

[many of these grants have been in collaborations with colleagues from TISS, other universities within and outside India]

1. 2021 –  2025     European Research Council (ERC) award to carry out research on “Regional Futures: The territorial politics of digitalisation-as-urbanisation in the global south” as Co-PI (PI Professor Ayona Datta, Department of Geography, University College London) and other partnering Institutions University of Guadalajara, Mexico, British Institute of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, National Taipei University, Taipei.
2. 2021    -  2022   The British Academy research grant on "Digitising the Periphery: Co-Producing a Toolkit for Digital Democracy and Inclusive Urbanisation" with Professor Ayona Datta, UCL. https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/projects/humanities-social-sciences-tackling-global-challenges-digitising-the-periphery/?fbclid=IwAR0zwmgvBzNzvaK_Ue_ZDbIjQ2Phm3t4x0SN0-TkZNxbMwpidV7eOJUtCsw                 Webpage:  https://digitisingperiphery.wordpress.com/about/
3. 2016    -  2017  The ICSSR-NWO India-Netherlands Social Science Collaboration (2015) funded research on “Creative Industries in India: Size, Geography and Potential”. (with Professor Flip Vermeylen, Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands).
4. 2014  - 2015     The ICSSR (India) – NWO (The Netherlands) funded research on “Creative Industries in India in an International Context: Learning from the Netherlands” (with Professor Flip Vermeylen, Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands).
5. 2011 - 2013  The UK India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) funded –Lead Institutions University of Edinburgh and Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai: Marginal Populations, Social Mobilisation and Development.
6. 2010 -  2014  French Government [funding for collaborative research between French Institutions, anchored by Département de Géographie, Directeur du laboratoire GECKO, Université de Paris Ouest-DNanterre-La Defense, France; and I am invited to be part of the research team and contribute on Mumbai): : Urban National Parks in Emerging Countries.
7. 2009 – 2010     ESRC (UK)-ICSSR (India) Bilateral Collaboration Programme (with Dr. Ayona Datta, Cities Programme, LSE): Politics of Sustainable development: Mobility and development along the Mumbai-Pune expressway.

 Selected Other Research Grants

 [many of these grants have been in collaborations with colleagues from TISS, other universities within and outside India]

1. 2016 – 2017: M/S Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust, Mumbai: Social Impact Assessment of Redevelopment of Bhuleshwar Division, C-Ward, Bhendi Bazar, Mumbai. (2017) 
2. 2016 –  2017: District Agricultural Office, Osmanabad, Maharashtra: Understanding Contributing Causes for Farmers’ Distress in Osmanabad District, Maharashtra. (2018) 
3. 2013 -  2015: Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur: Financial Inclusion in Chhattisgarh. This project was part of the research project on “National Rural Livelihood Mission” commissioned to TISS by the Chhattisgarh Government.
4. 2011 - 2012: Maharashtra State Minorities Commission, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai: Urdu Medium Schools in Maharashtra: An Assessment of their Infrastructure and Possibility of Developing them in Model Schools.
5. 2010 - 2011: Maharashtra State Minorities Commission, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai: Multi-Sectoral Development Plan for Malegaon Town, Nashik District, Maharashtra.
6. 2009 –  2010:  Maharashtra State Minorities Commission, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai: Socio-economic and Educational Status of Muslims in Maharashtra- A State Report.
7. 2009-  2010:  NCR Financial Solutions Group Ltd., Discovery Centre, 3 Fulton Road, Dundee DD2 4SW, UK. Banking Practices in Rural and Semi-urban Maharashtra, India.
8. 2008 – 2009: Maharashtra State Minorities Commission, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai: Socio-economic and Educational Status of the Muslims of Mumbai and Its Suburbs.
9. 2006 - 2008: World Bank and Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA): Post-Resettlement Evaluation of the Resettlement Projects under the Mumbai Urban Transport Project.
10. 2007 - 2008 : Jamsetji Tata Trust, Mumbai: Watershed Development in Khargaone District Madhya Pradesh.
11. 2006 – 2007: NCR Financial Solutions Group Ltd., Discovery Centre, 3 Fulton Road, Dundee DD2 4SW, UK: Human-Technology Interface: A Study of Micro-Deposit Machine Usability.
12. 2006 - 2007: Confederation of Indian Industries (CII): Employment and Sustainable Development: An initiative towards improving skills and employability of people.
13. 2006 – 2007: Gujarat Pipavav Port Ltd, India: A Study of Status of Employment and Unemployment, and Development of Villages under Influence of Pipavav Port Project.
14. 2006 - 2007: Maharashtra State Government, Mumbai: Outcome Budget for Urban Development Programmes in Maharashtra.
15. 2005 - 2007: Board of Research Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai: City, Crime and Space: A Case of Mumbai Metropolis.
16. 2005 - 2007: National Thermal Power Corporation, Mumbai, India: Socio-economic Survey for NTPC –GPCL JV Thermal Power Project at Pipavav, Gujarat, for Resettlement and Rehabilitation of the Project Affected Persons and building Rehabilitation Action Plan.
17. 2005: Hindustan Lever Limited, Mumbai, India: Water Consumption and Wastage Patterns in Domestic Households in Major Cities in India.
18. 2005: Bharat Oman Refineries Limited, Mumbai, India: Socio-economic Benefits of Establishing a Petroleum Refinery at Bina, Madhya Pradesh: An Impact Study.
19. 2004 – 2005: Sea King Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai: Social Impact Assessment of Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone (MMSEZ).
20. 2003 : The World Bank and Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA): An impact Assessment of Initial Phase of Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R & R) Implementation for the Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP).

Courses [Taught and Developed]

• 2020 ­– onwards: MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Geography of Development’
• 2020­ – onwards: MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Cities and Development’
• 2020­ – onwards: MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Geopolitics, Development and Conflict’
• 2006 onwards:  MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Remote Sensing and GIS in Development Research’
• 2012 onwards: MPhil/PhD in Development Studies, course (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Social Justice and the City’
• 2012 Onwards: MPhil/PhD in Development Studies, course (2 credit 30 class hrs)  ‘GIS and Spatial Statistics’
• 2006 – 2013: MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Sustainable Development and Climate Change.
• 2006 –2020: MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Urban and Regional Development’
• 2006 –2020: MA in Development Studies, (2 credit 30 class hrs) ‘Development and Crime’